Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Ernesto Zedillo;
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Saturday, March 17, 2007
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León
(President 1 Dec 1994 - 30 Nov 2000)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Ernesto Zedillo;Vicente Fox Quesada
(President, 1 Dec 2000 - 30 Nov 2006)
The first president of Mexico from the PAN.
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Vicente Fox;José Victoriano Huerta Márquez
(President, 19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Victoriano Huerta;Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor
(Interim President 7 May 1920 - 30 Nov 1920)
Governor of Sonora; led revolution of Agua Prieta which led to death of Pres. Venustiano Carranza (1920). Huerta was then appointed interim president by Congress.
List of Mexican Presidents, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Adolfo de la Huerta;Venustiano Carranza de la Garza
(President, 19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914)
(President, 20 Aug 1914 - 31 Oct 1914)
(President, 10 Oct 1915 - 7 May 1920)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Venustiano Carranza de la Garza; Historical Text Archive, Venustiano Carranza; "The United States and the Mexican Revolution: “A Danger for All Latin American Countries,” Letters from Venustiano Carranza"Emiliano Zapata
One of the most famous and beloved Mexicans of all, Emiliano Zapata led one of the major movements in the Mexican Revolution.*
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*Ben Cahoon's list of Mexican presidents includes Emiliano Zapata, 1914-1919 (in rebellion). In addition to Zapata, acting president Roque González Garza is listed as "loyal to Zapata."
ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Emiliano Zapata; HoustonCulture.org, Morelos: the Land of Zapata, 2;Roque González Garza
(Acting president of Mexico, 16 Jan 1915 - 10 Jun 1915)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Roque González Garza;Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa
(President, 1 Dec 2006 - )
The second president of Mexico from the PAN.
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Felipe Calderón;Friday, March 16, 2007
Carlos Salinas de Gortari
(President, 1 Dec 1988 - 30 Nov 1994)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Carlos Salinas de Gortari;Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado
(President, 1 Dec 1982 - 30 Nov 1988)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado;José López Portillo
(President, 1 Dec 1976 - 30 Nov 1982)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, José López Portillo;Luis Echeverría Álvarez
(President, 1 Dec 1970 - 30 Nov 1976)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Luis Echeverría Álvarez Hurtado;Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
(President, 1 Dec 1964 - 30 Nov 1970)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz;Adolfo López Mateos
(President, 1 Dec 1958 - 30 Nov 1964)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Adolfo López Mateos;Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
(President, 1 Dec 1952 - 30 Nov 1958)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines;Miguel Alemán Valdés
(President, 1 Dec 1946 - 30 Nov 1952)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Miguel Alemán Valdés;Manuel Ávila Camacho
(President, 1 Dec 1940 - 30 Nov 1946)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Manuel Ávila Camacho;Lázaro Cárdenas del Río
(President, 1 Dec 1934 - 30 Nov 1940)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Lázaro Cárdenas del Río;Abelardo L. Rodríguez
(President, 4 Sep 1932 - 30 Nov 1934)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Abelardo L. Rodríguez;Pascual Ortiz Rubio
(President, 5 Feb 1930 - 4 Sep 1932)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Pascual Ortiz Rubio;Emilio Portes Gil
(President, 1 Dec 1928 - 5 Feb 1930)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Emilio Portes Gil;Plutarco Elías Calles
(President, 1 Dec 1924 - 30 Nov 1928)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Plutarco Elías Calles;Thursday, March 15, 2007
Álvaro Obregón Salido
(President 1 Dec 1920 - 30 Nov 1924)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Álvaro Obregón Salido; Mexican American bio;Manuel del Refugio González Flores
(President, 1 Dec 1880 - 30 Nov 1884 )
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Manuel González;José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori
(President, 23 Nov 1876 - 30 Nov 1880)
(President, 1 Dec 1884 - 25 May 1911)
Extremely important leader of Mexico. Began his career as a military man fighting on behalf of the Liberal party; later formed a Conservative cabal to rule Mexico between '76 and 1910. The Mexican Revolution was in response to his efforts to prolong his rule; it led to a massive struggle to destroy the basis of Conservative rule in Mexico, in what was to be an astonishingly bloody and cruel phase of Mexican history.
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Porfirio Díaz; Red Escolar (Español), Porfirio Díaz-1, -2; Beals, Porfirio Diaz: Dictator of Mexico, 1939Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
(President, 19 Jul 1872 - 21 Nov 1876)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada;Conservative Junta (1858-1863)
The 1850's were a period of extremely complicated upheaval and constitutional crisis. The Roman Catholic Church was extremely powerful and aligned with the haciendas (large estates). In the urban areas, small merchants and civil servants tended to favor a strong national government, which could challenge the clergy and landlords. Dithering between the Liberals and Conservatives took on a different character when the US invaded Mexico in April 1846. The Mexican-American War was a debacle for the Conservatives, whose ideological petulance doomed the efforts of Liberals to defend the country. Making matters worse, the disaster led to a new dictatorship by hyper-Conservative Antonio López de Santa Anna.
In 1854, Santa Ana's rule was so severely discredited that even Conservatives colluded in his ouster. They then consented to a new constitutional convention, which completed its deliberations in February '57. The new constitution included many of the rights guaranteed by the US Bill of Rights, as well as many far-sighted progressive reforms such as the abolition of capital punishment and sharp restrictions on the powers of the Church. Structurally, the constitution also greatly weakened the presidency relative to congress.
Then-president Ignacio Comonfort accepted the constitution, but was confronted with a Conservative mutiny. The Conservatives issued a manifesto, the Plan de Tacuyuba, which Comonfort accepted--effectively retaking power he had earlier agreed to sign away. His president of the supreme court, Benito Juárez, denounced this illegal act and was imprisoned for his pains.
This was naturally unacceptable to the Conservatives, who demanded Comonfort resign anyway. Comonfort held out for ten days, abrogated his abrogation of the constitution, and released Juárez. In a few hours Juárez was promoted from prisoner to designed president. Comonfort and Juárez then went their separate ways.
Military realities compelled the legitimate president of the nation, Juárez, to flee to Guanajuato. The leader of the Conservatives was Brig. General Félix María Zuloaga, who would naturally rule the country during the first year of the civil war he launched. The acts of the Conservative Junta during the Reform War were picaresque: for example, on 23 January 1859, the Junta had three presidents (all acting). In a very rare discrepancy, Wikipedia and World Statesmen do not concur on the dates of terms. Miguel Miramón had a running feud with Zuloaga over control of the home office, with the 28-year old "president" at one point having his 57 year-old rival hauled off to jail.
On 1 January 1861, Juárez and the Liberals returned to Mexico City as victors. Miramón fled to Europe. Juárez was declared president by congress and attempted to restore the ruined finances by nationalizing Catholic institutions. The Conservative militia effectively ran the countryside and assassinated Liberal parliamentarians; the victorious Liberal government's writ did not extend very far, despite peace agreements. As the Conservatives prodded, Zuloaga again declared himself president, proposing to resume the civil war. Lacking the power to collect taxes, the Liberals suspended payments. This caused the European powers to now prepare for an invasion of Mexico. In April, the US Civil War began. Six months later, the major European powers invaded as well, while the Mexican congress debated impeaching Juárez (they declined by one vote).
The Conservative Junta survived in the form of deadender Zuloaga, who attempted to collaborate with the French after they established the "Supreme Provisional Executive Power." This was a regime intended to pave the way for a European dynastic transplant into Mexico, much as had been done in Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece earlier in the decade. The SPEP was a non-entity that relieved on Conservative support for French rule of the country. It was dissolved about a month after Maximilian von Habsburg took power as emperor of Mexico.
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia entry, Ignacio Comonfort, Félix María Zuloaga Trillo, 1857 Constitution of Mexico, Reform War (1857-1861);Benito Pablo Juárez García
(President, 19 Jan 1858 - 18 Jul 1872)
Juárez spent the better part of his presidency (Jan '58 to May '67) fighting first an insurgency, then a foreign invasion by the major European powers. He was obligated to evacuate his capital at the end of May, '63, and did not return until four years later. During the five years that followed, he faced five more rebellions, including one by his future successor, Porfirio Díaz. He died in office and was succeeded by Sebastián Lerdo.
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Benito Juárez;Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos
(President, 15 Sep 1856 - 21 Jan 1858)
A son of French immigrants, Comonfort was born in la Ciudad de Puebla (1812). The major issue of his presidency was the passage of the 1857 Constitution, which offered freedom of speech, confession, press, and assembly. The constitution also implemented many other radical reforms and basic human rights, such as the abolition of the death penalty; and it reduced the guarantees of power to the Church. Finally, the constitution also reduced the power of the presidency relative to congress.
The response of the Church was to excommunicate all who swore allegiance to the new constitution. This, for such an intensely catholic society, was intolerable. The Conservatives issued a manifesto, the "Plan de Tacubaya," which essentially abrogated the constitution and substituted a weaker document. Comonfort decided to accept this, but the Conservatives still demanded his resignation. Comonfort held out for ten days, releasing his once-and-future ally, Benito Juárez. Comonfort had created one of the most difficult and thorny constitutional crises of all time: he had illegally revoked the constitution to appease his Conservative opposition, but reversed his abrogation when the Conservatives demanded his resignation. Then, on his resignation, the president of the Supreme Court--Juárez--would become the new president. This was the beginning of the Reform War.
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Ignacio Comonfort, 1857 Constitution of Mexico, Reform War (1857-1861);Juan Álvarez
(President, 19 Jan 1858 - 18 Jul 1872)
List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Juan Álvarez; Beals, Porfirio Diaz: Dictator of Mexico, 1939Wednesday, March 14, 2007
Presidents of Mexico (Post-1911 Revolution)
Dates President Party 2006 Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa PAN 2000 2006 Vicente Fox Quesada PAN 1994 2000 Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León PRI 1988 1994 Carlos Salinas de Gortari PRI 1982 1988 Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado PRI 1976 1982 José López Portillo y Pacheco PRI 1970 1976 Luis Echeverría Álvarez PRI 1964 1970 Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños Cacho PRI 1958 1964 Adolfo López Mateos PRI 1952 1958 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines PRI 1946 1952 Miguel Alemán Váldez PRI 1940 1946 Manuel Ávila Camacho PRM/PRI 1934 1940 Lázaro Cárdenas del Río PNR/PRM 1932 1934 Abelardo L. Rodríguez PNR 1930 1932 Pascual Ortiz Rubio PNR 1928 1930 Emilio Portes Gil PNR 1924 1928 Plutarco Elías Calles PNR 1920 1924 Álvaro Obregón Salido PLC 1920 Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor PNA 1915 1920 Venustiano Carranza de la Garza PNA 1915 Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagos
___Cházaro Mortero (acting)Conv 1915 Roque González Garza (acting)
___(loyal to Zapata)Conv 1914 1915 Eulalio Martín Gutiérrez Ortiz Conv 1914 1919 Emiliano Zapata
___(in rebellion)Mil/Conv 1914 Antonio I. Villarreal González Lib 1914 1920 Francisco "Pancho" Villa
___(in rebellion)Mil/Conv 1914 Venustiano Carranza de la Garza PNA 1914 Francisco Sebastián Carvajal y Gual
___(interim)PC 1913 1914 Venustiano Carranza de la Garza
___(pretender, in opposition in Coahuila and Sonora)PNA 1913 1914 José Victoriano Huerta Márquez
___(interim)PC 1911 1913 Pascual Orozco
___(pretender in opposition in Chihuahua)PNA 1911 1913 Francisco Indalécio Madero González PCP 1911 Francisco León de la Barra y Quijano
___(interim)Con _______ _________ ___ ____________________________ _______ Presidents of Mexico (1855-1911)
Prior to 1855, Mexican government was extremely fractured. Between 1819 and 1855, it had over 55 changes of government; frequently different regions were not under the rule of the central government.
Dates President Party 1884 1911 José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori Con 1880 1884 Manuel del Refugio González Flores Lib 1876 1880 José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori Con 1876 José María Iglesias Inzaurraga___(interim) Lib 1872 1876 Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada y Corral Lib 1867 1872 Benito Pablo Juárez García Lib Emperor 1864 1867 Maximiliano I 1858 1864 Conservative Junta Con 1858 Benito Pablo Juárez García Lib 1856 1858 Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos
___(interim)Lib 1855 1856 Juan Álvarez
___(interim)Lib _______ _________ ___ ____________________________ _______