Penelope Complex

Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León

2007-03-17T19:47:00.000-07:00

(President 1 Dec 1994 - 30 Nov 2000)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Ernesto Zedillo;

Vicente Fox Quesada

2007-03-17T19:44:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 2000 - 30 Nov 2006)

The first president of Mexico from the PAN.

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Vicente Fox;

José Victoriano Huerta Márquez

2007-03-17T19:41:00.000-07:00

(President, 19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Victoriano Huerta;

Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor

2007-03-17T19:24:00.000-07:00

(Interim President 7 May 1920 - 30 Nov 1920)

Governor of Sonora; led revolution of Agua Prieta which led to death of Pres. Venustiano Carranza (1920). Huerta was then appointed interim president by Congress.

List of Mexican Presidents, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Adolfo de la Huerta;

Venustiano Carranza de la Garza

2007-03-17T18:29:00.000-07:00

(President, 19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914)
(President, 20 Aug 1914 - 31 Oct 1914)
(President, 10 Oct 1915 - 7 May 1920)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Venustiano Carranza de la Garza; Historical Text Archive, Venustiano Carranza; "The United States and the Mexican Revolution: “A Danger for All Latin American Countries,” Letters from Venustiano Carranza"

Emiliano Zapata

2007-03-17T16:56:00.001-07:00

One of the most famous and beloved Mexicans of all, Emiliano Zapata led one of the major movements in the Mexican Revolution.*

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*Ben Cahoon's list of Mexican presidents includes Emiliano Zapata, 1914-1919 (in rebellion). In addition to Zapata, acting president Roque González Garza is listed as "loyal to Zapata."

ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Emiliano Zapata; HoustonCulture.org, Morelos: the Land of Zapata, 2;

Roque González Garza

2007-03-17T16:08:00.000-07:00

(Acting president of Mexico, 16 Jan 1915 - 10 Jun 1915)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Roque González Garza;

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa

2007-03-17T15:01:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 2006 - )

The second president of Mexico from the PAN.

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Felipe Calderón;

Carlos Salinas de Gortari

2007-03-16T06:40:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1988 - 30 Nov 1994)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Carlos Salinas de Gortari;

Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado

2007-03-16T06:02:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1982 - 30 Nov 1988)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado;

José López Portillo

2007-03-16T05:38:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1976 - 30 Nov 1982)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, José López Portillo;

Luis Echeverría Álvarez

2007-03-16T05:00:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1970 - 30 Nov 1976)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Luis Echeverría Álvarez Hurtado;

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

2007-03-16T04:34:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1964 - 30 Nov 1970)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz;

Adolfo López Mateos

2007-03-16T04:01:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1958 - 30 Nov 1964)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Adolfo López Mateos;

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

2007-03-16T03:03:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1952 - 30 Nov 1958)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines;

Miguel Alemán Valdés

2007-03-16T02:56:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1946 - 30 Nov 1952)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Miguel Alemán Valdés;

Manuel Ávila Camacho

2007-03-16T02:46:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1940 - 30 Nov 1946)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Manuel Ávila Camacho;

Lázaro Cárdenas del Río

2007-03-16T02:39:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1934 - 30 Nov 1940)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Lázaro Cárdenas del Río;

Abelardo L. Rodríguez

2007-03-16T02:36:00.000-07:00

(President, 4 Sep 1932 - 30 Nov 1934)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Abelardo L. Rodríguez;

Pascual Ortiz Rubio

2007-03-16T02:33:00.000-07:00

(President, 5 Feb 1930 - 4 Sep 1932)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Pascual Ortiz Rubio;

Emilio Portes Gil

2007-03-16T02:31:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1928 - 5 Feb 1930)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Emilio Portes Gil;

Plutarco Elías Calles

2007-03-16T02:29:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1924 - 30 Nov 1928)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Plutarco Elías Calles;

Álvaro Obregón Salido

2007-03-15T23:32:00.000-07:00

(President 1 Dec 1920 - 30 Nov 1924)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1911-present
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Álvaro Obregón Salido; Mexican American bio;

Manuel del Refugio González Flores

2007-03-15T17:11:00.000-07:00

(President, 1 Dec 1880 - 30 Nov 1884 )

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Manuel González;

José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori

2007-03-15T17:06:00.000-07:00

(President, 23 Nov 1876 - 30 Nov 1880)
(President, 1 Dec 1884 - 25 May 1911)

Extremely important leader of Mexico. Began his career as a military man fighting on behalf of the Liberal party; later formed a Conservative cabal to rule Mexico between '76 and 1910. The Mexican Revolution was in response to his efforts to prolong his rule; it led to a massive struggle to destroy the basis of Conservative rule in Mexico, in what was to be an astonishingly bloody and cruel phase of Mexican history.

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Porfirio Díaz; Red Escolar (Español), Porfirio Díaz-1, -2; Beals, Porfirio Diaz: Dictator of Mexico, 1939

Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada

2007-03-15T16:38:00.000-07:00

(President, 19 Jul 1872 - 21 Nov 1876)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada;

Conservative Junta (1858-1863)

2007-03-15T16:35:00.000-07:00

The 1850's were a period of extremely complicated upheaval and constitutional crisis. The Roman Catholic Church was extremely powerful and aligned with the haciendas (large estates). In the urban areas, small merchants and civil servants tended to favor a strong national government, which could challenge the clergy and landlords. Dithering between the Liberals and Conservatives took on a different character when the US invaded Mexico in April 1846. The Mexican-American War was a debacle for the Conservatives, whose ideological petulance doomed the efforts of Liberals to defend the country. Making matters worse, the disaster led to a new dictatorship by hyper-Conservative Antonio López de Santa Anna.

In 1854, Santa Ana's rule was so severely discredited that even Conservatives colluded in his ouster. They then consented to a new constitutional convention, which completed its deliberations in February '57. The new constitution included many of the rights guaranteed by the US Bill of Rights, as well as many far-sighted progressive reforms such as the abolition of capital punishment and sharp restrictions on the powers of the Church. Structurally, the constitution also greatly weakened the presidency relative to congress.

Then-president Ignacio Comonfort accepted the constitution, but was confronted with a Conservative mutiny. The Conservatives issued a manifesto, the Plan de Tacuyuba, which Comonfort accepted--effectively retaking power he had earlier agreed to sign away. His president of the supreme court, Benito Juárez, denounced this illegal act and was imprisoned for his pains.

This was naturally unacceptable to the Conservatives, who demanded Comonfort resign anyway. Comonfort held out for ten days, abrogated his abrogation of the constitution, and released Juárez. In a few hours Juárez was promoted from prisoner to designed president. Comonfort and Juárez then went their separate ways.

Military realities compelled the legitimate president of the nation, Juárez, to flee to Guanajuato. The leader of the Conservatives was Brig. General Félix María Zuloaga, who would naturally rule the country during the first year of the civil war he launched. The acts of the Conservative Junta during the Reform War were picaresque: for example, on 23 January 1859, the Junta had three presidents (all acting). In a very rare discrepancy, Wikipedia and World Statesmen do not concur on the dates of terms. Miguel Miramón had a running feud with Zuloaga over control of the home office, with the 28-year old "president" at one point having his 57 year-old rival hauled off to jail.

On 1 January 1861, Juárez and the Liberals returned to Mexico City as victors. Miramón fled to Europe. Juárez was declared president by congress and attempted to restore the ruined finances by nationalizing Catholic institutions. The Conservative militia effectively ran the countryside and assassinated Liberal parliamentarians; the victorious Liberal government's writ did not extend very far, despite peace agreements. As the Conservatives prodded, Zuloaga again declared himself president, proposing to resume the civil war. Lacking the power to collect taxes, the Liberals suspended payments. This caused the European powers to now prepare for an invasion of Mexico. In April, the US Civil War began. Six months later, the major European powers invaded as well, while the Mexican congress debated impeaching Juárez (they declined by one vote).

The Conservative Junta survived in the form of deadender Zuloaga, who attempted to collaborate with the French after they established the "Supreme Provisional Executive Power." This was a regime intended to pave the way for a European dynastic transplant into Mexico, much as had been done in Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece earlier in the decade. The SPEP was a non-entity that relieved on Conservative support for French rule of the country. It was dissolved about a month after Maximilian von Habsburg took power as emperor of Mexico.

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia entry, Ignacio Comonfort, Félix María Zuloaga Trillo, 1857 Constitution of Mexico, Reform War (1857-1861);

Benito Pablo Juárez García

2007-03-15T16:34:00.000-07:00

(President, 19 Jan 1858 - 18 Jul 1872)

Juárez spent the better part of his presidency (Jan '58 to May '67) fighting first an insurgency, then a foreign invasion by the major European powers. He was obligated to evacuate his capital at the end of May, '63, and did not return until four years later. During the five years that followed, he faced five more rebellions, including one by his future successor, Porfirio Díaz. He died in office and was succeeded by Sebastián Lerdo.

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Benito Juárez;

Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos

2007-03-15T16:24:00.000-07:00

(President, 15 Sep 1856 - 21 Jan 1858)

A son of French immigrants, Comonfort was born in la Ciudad de Puebla (1812). The major issue of his presidency was the passage of the 1857 Constitution, which offered freedom of speech, confession, press, and assembly. The constitution also implemented many other radical reforms and basic human rights, such as the abolition of the death penalty; and it reduced the guarantees of power to the Church. Finally, the constitution also reduced the power of the presidency relative to congress.

The response of the Church was to excommunicate all who swore allegiance to the new constitution. This, for such an intensely catholic society, was intolerable. The Conservatives issued a manifesto, the "Plan de Tacubaya," which essentially abrogated the constitution and substituted a weaker document. Comonfort decided to accept this, but the Conservatives still demanded his resignation. Comonfort held out for ten days, releasing his once-and-future ally, Benito Juárez. Comonfort had created one of the most difficult and thorny constitutional crises of all time: he had illegally revoked the constitution to appease his Conservative opposition, but reversed his abrogation when the Conservatives demanded his resignation. Then, on his resignation, the president of the Supreme Court--Juárez--would become the new president. This was the beginning of the Reform War.

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Ignacio Comonfort, 1857 Constitution of Mexico, Reform War (1857-1861);

Juan Álvarez

2007-03-15T16:10:00.000-07:00

(President, 19 Jan 1858 - 18 Jul 1872)

List of Presidents of Mexico, 1855-1911
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES & READING: Wikipedia, Juan Álvarez; Beals, Porfirio Diaz: Dictator of Mexico, 1939

Presidents of Mexico (Post-1911 Revolution)

2007-03-14T13:20:00.000-07:00

	Dates		President	Party
	2006		Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa	PAN
	2000 2006		Vicente Fox Quesada	PAN
	1994 2000		Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León	PRI
	1988 1994		Carlos Salinas de Gortari	PRI
	1982 1988		Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado	PRI
	1976 1982		José López Portillo y Pacheco	PRI
	1970 1976		Luis Echeverría Álvarez	PRI
	1964 1970		Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños Cacho	PRI
	1958 1964		Adolfo López Mateos	PRI
	1952 1958		Adolfo Ruiz Cortines	PRI
	1946 1952		Miguel Alemán Váldez	PRI
	1940 1946		Manuel Ávila Camacho	PRM/PRI
	1934 1940		Lázaro Cárdenas del Río	PNR/PRM
	1932 1934		Abelardo L. Rodríguez	PNR
	1930 1932		Pascual Ortiz Rubio	PNR
	1928 1930		Emilio Portes Gil	PNR
	1924 1928		Plutarco Elías Calles	PNR
	1920 1924		Álvaro Obregón Salido	PLC
	1920		Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor	PNA
	1915 1920		Venustiano Carranza de la Garza	PNA
	1915		Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagos ___Cházaro Mortero (acting)	Conv
	1915		Roque González Garza (acting) ___(loyal to Zapata)	Conv
	1914 1915		Eulalio Martín Gutiérrez Ortiz	Conv
	1914 1919		Emiliano Zapata ___(in rebellion)	Mil/Conv
	1914		Antonio I. Villarreal González	Lib
	1914 1920		Francisco "Pancho" Villa ___(in rebellion)	Mil/Conv
	1914		Venustiano Carranza de la Garza	PNA
	1914		Francisco Sebastián Carvajal y Gual ___(interim)	PC
	1913 1914		Venustiano Carranza de la Garza ___(pretender, in opposition in Coahuila and Sonora)	PNA
	1913 1914		José Victoriano Huerta Márquez ___(interim)	PC
	1911 1913		Pascual Orozco ___(pretender in opposition in Chihuahua)	PNA
	1911 1913		Francisco Indalécio Madero González	PCP
	1911		Francisco León de la Barra y Quijano ___(interim)	Con
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Presidents of Mexico (1855-1911)

2007-03-14T05:50:00.000-07:00

Prior to 1855, Mexican government was extremely fractured. Between 1819 and 1855, it had over 55 changes of government; frequently different regions were not under the rule of the central government.

	Dates		President	Party
	1884 1911		José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori	Con
	1880 1884		Manuel del Refugio González Flores	Lib
	1876 1880		José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori	Con
	1876		José María Iglesias Inzaurraga___(interim)	Lib
	1872 1876		Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada y Corral	Lib
	1867 1872		Benito Pablo Juárez García	Lib
			Emperor
	1864 1867		Maximiliano I
	1858 1864		Conservative Junta	Con
	1858		Benito Pablo Juárez García	Lib
	1856 1858		Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos ___(interim)	Lib
	1855 1856		Juan Álvarez ___(interim)	Lib
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